Ask the expert: Agricultural drones are reshaping farming

In the past decade, drones have become integral to many sectors of the economy. Now, they are rapidly transforming agriculture too, helping farmers grow their crops and changing the way farming is done.

In a study published in Science, researchers at Michigan State University documented how agricultural drones have spread at extraordinary speed, first introduced in Asia then expanding to Latin America, North America and Europe.

Ben Belton is a professor in the Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics at the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Leo Baldiga is a doctoral student in the Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences at the College of Social Science.

Here, they explain how farms are putting drones to work, why drone use has accelerated so quickly, and what this development means for farmers and stakeholders.

How have drones moved from hobby gadgets to major tools in global agriculture?

Drones have become integrated into everyday life over the past decade — in sectors as diverse as entertainment, health care and construction. They also have begun to transform the way people grow food.

Just a few years ago, agricultural drones were expensive, small and difficult to use, limiting their appeal to farmers. In contrast, today’s models can be flown immediately after purchase and carry loads weighing up to 220 pounds — the weight of two sacks of fertilizer.

Agricultural drones are now akin to flying tractors — multifunctional machines that can perform numerous tasks using different hardware attachments. Common uses for drones on farms include spraying crops, spreading fertilizer, sowing seeds, transporting produce, dispensing fish feeds, painting greenhouses, monitoring livestock locations and well-being, mapping field topography and drainage, and measuring crop health. This versatility makes drones valuable for growing numerous crops and on farms of all sizes.

Where are agricultural drones used, and why has their use increased so quickly?

In a new study published in the journal Science, we show that use of agricultural drones has spread extremely rapidly around the world. In our research as social scientists studying agriculture and rural development, we set out to document where agricultural drones have taken off around the world, what they are doing and why they have traveled so far so fast. We also explored what these changes mean for farmers, the environment, the public and governments.

Historically, most agricultural technology — tractors, for example — has spread from high-income countries to middle- and then lower-income ones over the course of many decades. Drones partially reversed and dramatically accelerated this pattern, diffusing first from East Asia to Southeast Asia, then to Latin America, and finally to North America and Europe. Their use in higher-income regions is more limited but is accelerating rapidly in the U.S.

China leads the world in agricultural drone manufacturing and adoption. In 2016, a Chinese company introduced the first agriculture-specific quadcopter model. There are now more than 250,000 agricultural drones reported to be in use there. Other middle-income countries have also been enthusiastic adopters. For instance, drones were used on 30% of Thailand’s farmland in 2023, up from almost none in 2019, mainly for spraying pesticides and spreading fertilizers.

In the U.S., the number of agricultural drones registered with the Federal Aviation Administration leaped from about 1,000 in January 2024 to around 5,500 in mid-2025. Industry reports suggest those numbers substantially underreport U.S. drone use because some owners avoid the complex registration process. Agricultural drones in the U.S. are used mainly for spraying crops such as corn and soybeans, especially in areas that are difficult to reach with tractors or crop-dusting aircraft.

What risks and benefits do drones bring for farmers and the environment?

Shifting from applying chemicals with backpack sprayers to drones substantially reduces the risk of direct exposure to toxins for farmers and farmworkers. However, because drones usually spray from a height of at least 6 feet, if used improperly, they can spread droplets containing pesticides or herbicides to neighboring farms, waterways or bystanders. That can damage crops and endanger people and nature.

Drones spray and spread fertilizers and seeds evenly and efficiently so that less is wasted. They may also reduce damage to crops in the field and consume less energy than large farm machines such as tractors.

Are drones saving labor or displacing it?

Drones save farmers time and money. They reduce the need for smallholders — people who farm less than 5 acres, who account for 85% of farms globally — to do dangerous and tiring manual spraying and spreading work on their own farms. They also remove the need to hire workers to do the same. By eliminating some of the last remaining physically demanding work in farming, drones also may help make agriculture more attractive to rural youth, who are often disillusioned with the drudgery of traditional farming. In addition, drones create new skilled employment opportunities in rural areas for pilots, many of whom are young people.

On the downside, using drones could displace workers who currently earn a living from crop spraying. For instance, according to one estimate from China, drones can cover between 10 and 25 acres of farmland per hour when spraying pesticides. That is equivalent to the effort of between 30 and 100 workers spraying manually. Governments may need to find ways to help displaced workers find new jobs.

What could agricultural drones mean for future food production?

Drones may increase the amount of food that can be produced on each acre of land, while reducing the amount of resources needed to do so. This outcome is a holy grail for agricultural scientists, who refer to it as “sustainable intensification.”

However, much of the evidence so far on yield gains from drone-assisted farming is anecdotal, or based on small studies or industry reports.

The drone revolution is reshaping farming faster than almost any technology before it. In just five years, millions of farmers around the world have embraced drones. Early signs point to big benefits: greater efficiency, safer working conditions and improved rural livelihoods. But the full picture isn’t clear yet.