Teens who have a larger number of friends may be less likely to suffer from depression later in life, especially women, a new MSU research/Duke University study has found.
For female adolescents, popularity can lead to increased depression during the teen years, but can provide lasting benefits of fewer depressive symptoms later in life. Teens who reported fewer friends show higher rates of depression in adulthood, found MSU Sociology Assistant Professor Molly Copeland, who authored the article “The Long Arm of Social Integration: Gender, Adolescent Social Networks, and Adult Depressive Symptom Trajectories” with lead author Christina Kamis, a Sociology doctoral candidate at Duke University. It was published Sept. 14 in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior.
“It’s important to recognize that adolescent social life can have a lasting association, for better or worse, with mental health years later into adulthood,” Copeland said. “Our findings suggest that that more popularity isn’t always better: highly popular young women might face additional risks of depressive symptoms in adolescence,” Kamis added.
Overall, the study found for both men and women, naming few friends predicts higher depressive levels through adolescence into adulthood. But these results are not the same for all genders. Compared to boys, girls face additional risks from how others view their social position in adolescence, the researchers explained.
This current study used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, specifically social network data asking students to select up to five male friends and five female friends.
They were also asked to indicate how often they felt depressed. Results from both men and women “follow a U-shaped trajectory of depressive symptoms across this period of the life course, where depressive symptoms are highest in adolescence, decline into early adulthood, and then climb into one’s early 30s.” However, women experience a steeper decline in symptoms around 18-26 followed by a greater increase in symptoms in their early 30s.
When combined, the data show that for women, being named as a friend by peers is associated with increased depression at age 12 but fewer depressive symptoms in adulthood.
“This result suggests that the association between popularity and greater depressive symptoms reverses with age so that women who were more popular in adolescence have fewer depressive symptoms in their mid-20s compared to less popular peers,” Kamis said.
But men show no association between popularity and depressive symptoms, the study found, only benefits from naming more friends.
The researchers believe this gender difference suggests that gendered expectations and roles that lead to popularity create stress and strain on adolescent girls that does not apply to boys.
“Gender socialization may lead adolescent friendships to become more taxing to girls if the higher emotional intimacy in female friendships means that popularity creates higher emotion or psychological burdens for girls,” Copeland said.
But the stress of popularity may give these girls psychosocial skills that are beneficial later in life when dealing with higher education and new jobs.
“It’s easy to think that being popular or feeling like you have many friends in high school doesn’t matter once you’re 20, but our work outlines one part of a larger picture of social development and mental health connected across different stages of life,” Kamis said.
Copeland and Kamis said they hope future research explores what specific facets of teen popularity, like increased social skills, self-esteem, or other psychological factors, lead to better mental health in young adulthood for women.
(Note for media: Please include the following link in all online coverage: https://journals-sagepub-com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0022146520952769)