Malaria kills a child every minute. While medical researchers have successfully developed effective drugs to kill the malaria parasite, efforts to treat the effects of the disease have not been as successful. But that soon may change.
In a groundbreaking study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Michigan State University’s Terrie Taylor and her team discovered what causes death in children with cerebral malaria, the deadliest form of the disease.
“We discovered that some children with cerebral malaria develop massively swollen brains and those are the children who die,” Taylor said.
Taylor and her research team found that the brain becomes so swollen it is forced out through the bottom of the skull and compresses the brain stem. This pressure causes the children to stop breathing and die.
“Because we know now that the brain swelling is what causes death, we can work to find new treatments,” Taylor said. “The next step is to identify what’s causing the swelling and then develop treatments targeting those causes. It’s also possible that using ventilators to keep the children breathing until the swelling subsides might save lives, but ventilators are few and far between in Africa at the moment.”
While increased efforts targeting malaria elimination and eradication have had some effect on malaria infection and illness, death rates from malaria are still too high, Taylor said.
“It’s gut-wrenching when children die, but what keeps us going is that we are making progress against this Voldemort of parasites,” Taylor said. “It’s been an elusive quarry, but I think we have it cornered.”
How Taylor found the brain swelling
In 2008, GE Healthcare provided an MRI to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi, where Taylor spends six months of every year treating and studying children with malaria.
MRI is an important diagnostic tool that is so common in developed countries it’s even used on family pets. But in 2008, the closest MRI was 1,000 miles away.
With the help of other researchers from MSU including Colleen Hammond and Matt Latourette in the Department of Radiology, Taylor and her team used the MRI to view brain images from hundreds of children with cerebral malaria, comparing findings in those who died and to those who survived. That’s when they made the groundbreaking discovery.
“We found that survivors’ brains were either never swollen or decreased in size after two to three days. This was a triumphant moment,” Taylor said. “I wanted to say to the parasite ‘Ha! You never thought we’d get an MRI, did you?’”
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health funded the research. The study appears in the March 19 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
The study was co-authored by Karl Seydel, Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine; Michael Potchen and Gretchen Birbeck, University of Rochester Medical Center; Professor Sam Kampondeni, University of Malawi College of Medicine; Bill Bradley, University of California, San Diego; Professor Malcolm Molyneux, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Clarissa Valim, Harvard School of Public Health; Dan Milner, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; and Professor Robert Heyderman, Malawi/Liverpool/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme.
Some Malaria Deaths in Children Linked to Brain Swelling http://t.co/xaI7CUPc2y
— NYTimes Health (@nytimeshealth) March 18, 2015Increased brain volume seen in children who died from cerebral #malaria, suggests raised ICP may contribute to death. http://t.co/n7C4kdBhNh
— NEJM (@NEJM) March 18, 2015Why cerebral malaria kills babies, and a path to finding new treatments. http://t.co/dunlft6XjJ @Newsweek pic.twitter.com/23TzMgkCyi
— Stav Ziv (@stavziv) March 19, 2015